Home  ›  Mountain View Family Med Group: Solkovits Andrew Do

Mountain View Family Med Group: Solkovits Andrew Do

Written By Wednesday, 2 March 2022 Add Comment Edit

CIA program involving illegal experimentation on human subjects (1953–73)

Declassified MKUltra documents

Project MKUltra (or MK-Ultra) was the code name of an illegal human experimentation program designed and undertaken past the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA).[1] [2] [three] The experiments were intended to develop procedures and identify drugs such as LSD that could be used in interrogations to weaken individuals and strength confessions through brainwashing and psychological torture. MKUltra used numerous methods to manipulate its subjects' mental states and encephalon functions, such as the covert administration of high doses of psychoactive drugs (especially LSD) and other chemicals, electroshocks,[4] hypnosis,[five] [6] sensory impecuniousness, isolation, and verbal and sexual abuse, in improver to other forms of torture.[7] [8]

MKUltra was preceded past 2 drug-related experiments, Project Bluebird and Projection Artichoke.[9] [10] It began in 1953, was reduced in scope in 1964 and 1967, and was halted in 1973. It was organized through the CIA'south Function of Scientific Intelligence and coordinated with the United States Army Biological Warfare Laboratories.[xi] The plan engaged in illegal activities,[12] [13] [14] including the utilise of U.South. and Canadian citizens as unwitting examination subjects.[12] : 74 [xv] [xvi] [17] MKUltra'southward scope was broad, with activities carried out under the guise of inquiry at more than than lxxx institutions, including colleges and universities, hospitals, prisons, and pharmaceutical companies.[18] The CIA operated using front organizations, although some pinnacle officials at these institutions were enlightened of the CIA'south involvement.[19]

MKUltra was first brought to public attention in 1975 by the Church Committee of the United states of america Congress and Gerald Ford's United States President'south Commission on CIA activities inside the United states of america (also known as the Rockefeller Commission). Investigative efforts were hampered past CIA Managing director Richard Helms'due south lodge that all MKUltra files be destroyed in 1973; the Church Commission and Rockefeller Commission investigations relied on the sworn testimony of direct participants and on the minor number of documents that survived Helms's order.[20] In 1977, a Liberty of Information Act asking uncovered a cache of xx,000 documents relating to MKUltra, which led to Senate hearings.[12] [21] Some surviving information well-nigh MKUltra was declassified in July 2001.

Groundwork [edit]

Sidney Gottlieb approved of an MKUltra sub-project on LSD in this June 9, 1953, letter.

Origin of cryptonym [edit]

The projection's CIA cryptonym is a combination of the digraph MK, indicating the sponsorship of the Technical Services Staff (TSS),[ citation needed ] and the word Ultra which formerly designated the most secret classification of World State of war Ii intelligence. Other related cryptonyms include Project MKNAOMI and Project MKDELTA.

Origin of project [edit]

Co-ordinate to author Stephen Kinzer, the CIA project "was a continuation of the work begun in WWII-era Japanese facilities and Nazi concentration camps on subduing and controlling man minds". Kinzer wrote that MKUltra'south utilise of mescaline on unwitting subjects was a practice that Nazi doctors had begun in the Dachau concentration camp. Kinzer proposes bear witness of the continuation of a Nazi agenda, citing the CIA'due south hugger-mugger recruitment of Nazi torturers and vivisectionists to continue the experimentation on thousands of subjects, and Nazis brought to Fort Detrick, Maryland, to instruct CIA officers on the lethal uses of sarin gas.[4]

Aims and leadership [edit]

The project was headed past Sidney Gottlieb merely began on the lodge of CIA manager Allen Dulles on Apr xiii, 1953.[22] [23] Its aim was to develop mind-controlling drugs for use confronting the Soviet bloc in response to alleged Soviet, Chinese, and North Korean employ of mind control techniques on U.South. prisoners of war during the Korean War.[24] The CIA wanted to utilise like methods on their own captives, and was interested in manipulating foreign leaders with such techniques,[25] devising several schemes to drug Fidel Castro. Information technology often conducted experiments without the subjects' knowledge or consent.[26] In some cases, academic researchers were funded through grants from CIA front organizations only were unaware that the CIA was using their work for these purposes.[27]

The projection attempted to produce a perfect truth drug for interrogating suspected Soviet spies during the Cold War, and to explore other possibilities of mind control. Subproject 54 was the Navy's summit-surreptitious "Perfect Concussion" plan, which was supposed to use sub-aural frequency blasts to erase memory; the plan was never carried out.[28]

Almost MKUltra records were destroyed in 1973 by order of CIA director Richard Helms, so it has been difficult for investigators to proceeds a complete understanding of the more than 150 funded enquiry subprojects sponsored past MKUltra and related CIA programs.[29]

The project began during a period of what English announcer Rupert Cornwell described as "paranoia" at the CIA, when the U.S. had lost its nuclear monopoly and fright of communism was at its pinnacle.[30] CIA counter-intelligence principal James Jesus Angleton believed that a mole had penetrated the organization at the highest levels.[30] The agency poured millions of dollars into studies examining ways to influence and control the heed and to enhance its ability to extract data from resistant subjects during interrogation.[31] [32] Some historians assert that one goal of MKUltra and related CIA projects was to create a "Manchurian Candidate"-way subject.[33] American historian Alfred W. McCoy has claimed that the CIA attempted to focus media attention on these sorts of "ridiculous" programs so that the public would not look at the enquiry'south chief goal, which was constructive methods of interrogation.[31]

Scale of projection [edit]

One 1955 MKUltra document gives an indication of the size and range of the try. Information technology refers to the study of an assortment of mind-altering substances described as follows:[34]

  1. Substances which will promote illogical thinking and impulsiveness to the signal where the recipient would be discredited in public.
  2. Substances which increment the efficiency of mentation and perception.
  3. Materials which volition prevent or counteract the intoxicating effect of booze.
  4. Materials which volition promote the intoxicating effect of booze.
  5. Materials which volition produce the signs and symptoms of recognized diseases in a reversible way then they may exist used for malingering, etc.
  6. Materials which volition render the induction of hypnosis easier or otherwise raise its usefulness.
  7. Substances which will enhance the ability of individuals to withstand privation, torture, and coercion during interrogation so-chosen "brain-washing".
  8. Materials and concrete methods which will produce amnesia for events preceding and during their use.
  9. Concrete methods of producing shock and confusion over extended periods of time and capable of undercover use.
  10. Substances which produce physical disablement such as paralysis of the legs, acute anemia, etc.
  11. Substances which will produce "pure" euphoria with no subsequent let-downward.
  12. Substances which alter personality construction in such a way the tendency of the recipient to become dependent upon another person is enhanced.
  13. A material which will cause mental confusion of such a type the private under its influence will find it hard to maintain a fabrication nether questioning.
  14. Substances which volition lower the ambition and full general working efficiency of men when administered in undetectable amounts.
  15. Substances which promote weakness or baloney of the eyesight or hearing faculties, preferably without permanent effects.
  16. A knockout pill which can be surreptitiously administered in drinks, food, cigarettes, as an aerosol, etc., which will exist safe to use, provide a maximum of amnesia, and be suitable for utilize by agent types on an ad hoc basis.
  17. A cloth which can be surreptitiously administered by the to a higher place routes and which in very small amounts volition brand it incommunicable for a person to perform concrete activity.

Applications [edit]

The 1976 Church Committee report found that, in the MKDELTA plan, "Drugs were used primarily equally an aid to interrogations, but MKULTRA/MKDELTA materials were also used for harassment, discrediting or disabling purposes."[35] [36] [37]

[edit]

In 1964, MKSEARCH was the name given to the continuation of the MKULTRA program. The MKSEARCH programme was divided into ii projects dubbed MKOFTEN and MKCHICKWIT. Funding for MKSEARCH commenced in 1965, and ended in 1971.[38] The project was a joint project between the U.South. Army Chemic Corps and the CIA's Role of Research and Development to observe new offensive-use agents, with a focus on incapacitating agents. Its purpose was to develop, test, and evaluate capabilities in the covert apply of biological, chemical, and radioactive textile systems and techniques of producing anticipated human behavioral and/or physiological changes in back up of highly sensitive operational requirements.[38]

Past March 1971 over 26,000 potential agents had been acquired for future screening.[39] The CIA was interested in bird migration patterns for chemic and biological warfare (CBW) research; subproject 139 designated "Bird Disease Studies" at Penn State.[40]

MKOFTEN was to bargain with testing and toxicological transmissivity and behavioral effects of drugs in animals and, ultimately, humans.[38]

MKCHICKWIT was concerned with acquiring information on new drug developments in Europe and Asia, and with acquiring samples.[38]

Experiments on Americans [edit]

CIA documents propose that they investigated "chemical, biological, and radiological" methods of listen control as function of MKUltra.[41] They spent an estimated $x one thousand thousand or more, roughly $87.five meg adjusted for inflation.[42]

LSD [edit]

Early on CIA efforts focused on LSD-25, which afterward came to dominate many of MKUltra'southward programs.[43] The CIA wanted to know if they could brand Soviet spies defect against their will and whether the Soviets could exercise the aforementioned to the CIA'southward ain operatives.[44]

Once Project MKUltra got underway in Apr 1953, experiments included administering LSD to mental patients, prisoners, drug addicts, and prostitutes – "people who could not fight back," as one agency officer put information technology.[45] In one example, they administered LSD to a mental patient in Kentucky for 174 days.[45] They as well administered LSD to CIA employees, military personnel, doctors, other government agents, and members of the general public to study their reactions. LSD and other drugs were ofttimes administered without the subject's knowledge or informed consent, a violation of the Nuremberg Code the U.S. had agreed to follow after World War Ii. The aim of this was to detect drugs which would bring out deep confessions or wipe a subject field's mind clean and program them as "a robot agent."[46]

In Operation Midnight Climax, the CIA fix several brothels within bureau safehouses in San Francisco to obtain a selection of men who would be too embarrassed to talk well-nigh the events. The men were dosed with LSD, the brothels were equipped with one-manner mirrors, and the sessions were filmed for later viewing and study.[47] In other experiments where people were given LSD without their knowledge, they were interrogated under vivid lights with doctors in the groundwork taking notes. They told subjects they would extend their "trips" if they refused to reveal their secrets. The people nether this interrogation were CIA employees, U.S. armed forces personnel, and agents suspected of working for the other side in the Cold War. Long-term debilitation and several deaths resulted from this.[46] Heroin addicts were bribed into taking LSD with offers of more heroin.[xix] [48]

At the invitation of Stanford psychology graduate educatee Vik Lovell, an acquaintance of Richard Alpert and Allen Ginsberg, Ken Kesey volunteered to accept office in what turned out to be a CIA-financed study nether the aegis of MKUltra,[49] at the Menlo Park Veterans' Infirmary[l] [51] where he worked equally a nighttime aide.[52] The project studied the effects of psychoactive drugs, particularly LSD, psilocybin, mescaline, cocaine, AMT and DMT on people.[53]

The Office of Security used LSD in interrogations, just Dr. Sidney Gottlieb, the chemist who directed MKUltra, had other ideas: he idea information technology could be used in covert operations. Since its furnishings were temporary, he believed information technology could be given to high-ranking officials and in this way affect the course of important meetings, speeches, etc. Since he realized there was a difference in testing the drug in a laboratory and using it in surreptitious operations, he initiated a serial of experiments where LSD was given to people in "normal" settings without alarm. At first, everyone in Technical Services tried information technology; a typical experiment involved two people in a room where they observed each other for hours and took notes. Equally the experimentation progressed, a point arrived where outsiders were drugged with no explanation whatsoever and surprise acid trips became something of an occupational take a chance among CIA operatives. Adverse reactions ofttimes occurred, such as an operative who received the drug in his morning coffee, became psychotic and ran across Washington, seeing a monster in every car passing him. The experiments continued even after Frank Olson, an army chemist who had never taken LSD, was covertly dosed by his CIA supervisor and ix days afterward plunged to his death from the window of a 13th-story New York City hotel room, supposedly as a event of deep low induced by the drug.[54] According to Stephen Kinzer, Olson had approached his superiors some time earlier, doubting the morality of the projection, and asked to resign from the CIA.[55]

Some subjects' participation was consensual, and in these cases they appeared to exist singled out for even more extreme experiments. In one case, seven volunteers in Kentucky were given LSD for seventy-vii sequent days.[56]

MKUltra's researchers subsequently dismissed LSD as too unpredictable in its results.[57] They gave up on the notion that LSD was "the secret that was going to unlock the universe," but it still had a place in the clandestine armory. However, by 1962 the CIA and the ground forces adult a serial of super-hallucinogens such equally the highly touted BZ, which was thought to hold greater promise equally a listen control weapon. This resulted in the withdrawal of support by many academics and private researchers, and LSD enquiry became less of a priority altogether.[54]

Other drugs [edit]

Another technique investigated was the intravenous administration of a barbiturate into i arm and an amphetamine into the other.[58] The barbiturates were released into the person first, and as shortly as the person began to fall asleep, the amphetamines were released. Other experiments involved heroin, morphine, temazepam (used under code name MKSEARCH), mescaline, psilocybin, scopolamine, alcohol and sodium pentothal.[59]

Hypnosis [edit]

Declassified MKUltra documents signal they studied hypnosis in the early 1950s. Experimental goals included creating "hypnotically induced anxieties", "hypnotically increasing power to larn and recall complex written thing", studying hypnosis and polygraph examinations, "hypnotically increasing ability to observe and recall circuitous arrangements of concrete objects", and studying "relationship of personality to susceptibility to hypnosis"[threescore] They conducted experiments with drug-induced hypnosis and with anterograde and retrograde amnesia while nether the influence of such drugs.

Experiments on Canadians [edit]

Donald Ewen Cameron c. 1967

The CIA exported experiments to Canada when they recruited British psychiatrist Donald Ewen Cameron, creator of the "psychic driving" concept, which the CIA found interesting. Cameron had been hoping to right schizophrenia by erasing existing memories and reprogramming the psyche. He commuted from Albany, New York to Montreal every week to piece of work at the Allan Memorial Institute of McGill University, and was paid $69,000 from 1957 to 1964 (US$579,480 in 2021, adjusted for aggrandizement) to behave out MKUltra experiments there, the Montreal experiments. These enquiry funds were sent to Cameron by a CIA front end organization, the Society for the Investigation of Homo Environmental, and every bit shown in internal CIA documents, Cameron did not know the money came from the CIA.[61] : 141–142

In addition to LSD, Cameron as well experimented with diverse paralytic drugs as well as electroconvulsive therapy at thirty to forty times the normal ability. His "driving" experiments consisted of putting subjects into drug-induced comas for weeks at a time (up to three months in one example) while playing tape loops of noise or simple repetitive statements. His experiments were oft carried out on patients who entered the institute for common problems such as feet disorders and postpartum depression, many of whom suffered permanent effects from his actions.[61] : 140–150 His treatments resulted in victims' urinary incontinence, amnesia, forgetting how to talk, forgetting their parents and thinking their interrogators were their parents.[62]

During this era, Cameron became known worldwide as the outset chairman of the World Psychiatric Association also as president of both the American Psychiatric Association and the Canadian Psychiatric Association. Cameron was also a member of the Nuremberg medical tribunal in 1946–1947.[61] : 141

Motivation and assessments [edit]

His work was inspired and paralleled by the British psychiatrist William Sargant at St Thomas' Hospital, London, and Belmont Hospital, Sutton, who was also involved in the Undercover Intelligence Service and who experimented on his patients without their consent, causing similar long-term harm.[63]

In the 1980s, several of Cameron's erstwhile patients sued the CIA for damages, which the Canadian news program The 5th Estate documented.[64] Their experiences and lawsuit was made into a 1998 television miniseries called The Sleep Room.[65]

Naomi Klein argues in her volume The Stupor Doctrine that Cameron's research and his contribution to the MKUltra project was non about mind control and brainwashing, but about designing "a scientifically based system for extracting information from 'resistant sources'. In other words, torture."[66]

Alfred W. McCoy writes, "Stripped of its bizarre excesses, Dr. Cameron's experiments, building upon Donald O. Hebb'south earlier breakthrough, laid the scientific foundation for the CIA'south two-phase psychological torture method",[67] referring to commencement creating a state of disorientation in the subject, so creating a situation of "self-inflicted" discomfort in which the disoriented subject can alleviate pain by capitulating.[67]

Secret detention camps [edit]

In areas under American control in the early on 1950s in Europe and East Asia, more often than not Japan, Deutschland and the Philippines, the CIA created surreptitious detention centers so that the U.S. could avoid criminal prosecution. The CIA captured people suspected of existence enemy agents and other people it deemed "expendable" to undertake various types of torture and human being experimentation on them. The prisoners were interrogated while being administered psychoactive drugs, electroshocked and subjected to extremes of temperature, sensory isolation and the like to develop a ameliorate understanding of how to destroy and to control human being minds.[four]

Revelation [edit]

Frank Church headed the Church Committee, an investigation into the practices of the U.Due south. intelligence agencies.

In 1973, amidst a government-wide panic caused past Watergate, CIA Director Richard Helms ordered all MKUltra files destroyed.[68] Pursuant to this order, most CIA documents regarding the projection were destroyed, making a full investigation of MKUltra impossible. A cache of some 20,000 documents survived Helms'due south purge, every bit they had been incorrectly stored in a financial records edifice and were discovered following a FOIA asking in 1977. These documents were fully investigated during the Senate Hearings of 1977.[12]

In Dec 1974, The New York Times alleged that the CIA had conducted illegal domestic activities, including experiments on U.S. citizens, during the 1960s.[69] That report prompted investigations by the United States Congress, in the grade of the Church Committee, and by a commission known as the Rockefeller Commission that looked into the illegal domestic activities of the CIA, the FBI and intelligence-related agencies of the military.

In the summer of 1975, congressional Church Commission reports and the presidential Rockefeller Commission report revealed to the public for the first fourth dimension that the CIA and the Department of Defence had conducted experiments on both unwitting and cognizant man subjects every bit office of an extensive programme to find out how to influence and control human behavior through the employ of psychoactive drugs such as LSD and mescaline and other chemical, biological, and psychological means. They also revealed that at to the lowest degree one subject, Frank Olson, had died subsequently administration of LSD. Much of what the Church Committee and the Rockefeller Committee learned about MKUltra was contained in a study, prepared by the Inspector General'southward office in 1963, that had survived the devastation of records ordered in 1973.[70] However, it contained little detail. Sidney Gottlieb, who had retired from the CIA two years previously and had headed MKUltra, was interviewed by the committee but claimed to have very little recollection of the activities of MKUltra.[18]

The congressional committee investigating the CIA research, chaired by Senator Frank Church building, concluded that "prior consent was obviously not obtained from any of the subjects." The commission noted that the "experiments sponsored by these researchers ... call into question the decision by the agencies not to set up guidelines for experiments."

Following the recommendations of the Church Committee, President Gerald Ford in 1976 issued the first Executive Club on Intelligence Activities which, amongst other things, prohibited "experimentation with drugs on human subjects, except with the informed consent, in writing and witnessed by a disinterested party, of each such human field of study" and in accord with the guidelines issued past the National Commission. Subsequent orders past Presidents Carter and Reagan expanded the directive to use to any human experimentation.

1977 Usa Senate report on MKUltra

In 1977, during a hearing held past the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, to look further into MKUltra, Admiral Stansfield Turner, and then Managing director of Central Intelligence, revealed that the CIA had found a gear up of records, consisting of about xx,000 pages,[71] that had survived the 1973 destruction orders because they had been incorrectly stored at a records center not ordinarily used for such documents.[seventy] These files dealt with the financing of MKUltra projects and independent few projection details, but much more was learned from them than from the Inspector General's 1963 written report.

On the Senate floor in 1977, Senator Ted Kennedy said:

The Deputy Director of the CIA revealed that over xxx universities and institutions were involved in an "extensive testing and experimentation" program which included covert drug tests on unwitting citizens "at all social levels, high and depression, native Americans and strange." Several of these tests involved the administration of LSD to "unwitting subjects in social situations.[72]

At least one death, the outcome of the alleged defenestration of Dr. Frank Olson, was attributed to Olson'due south being subjected, without his cognition, to such experimentation nine days before his decease.[ citation needed ] The CIA itself later on acknowledged that these tests had little scientific rationale. The officers conducting the monitoring were non qualified scientific observers.[73] [74]

In Canada, the result took much longer to surface, becoming widely known in 1984 on a CBC news show, The Fifth Manor. It was learned that non only had the CIA funded Dr. Cameron'southward efforts, only also that the Canadian government was fully aware of this, and had later on provided another $500,000 in funding to continue the experiments. This revelation largely derailed efforts by the victims to sue the CIA every bit their U.S. counterparts had, and the Canadian government eventually settled out of courtroom for $100,000 to each of the 127 victims. Dr. Cameron died on September 8, 1967, after suffering a heart attack while he and his son were mountain climbing. None of Cameron'southward personal records of his interest with MKUltra survived because his family unit destroyed them subsequently his decease.[75] [76]

1994 U.S. General Accounting Office report [edit]

The U.Due south. General Accounting Part issued a report on September 28, 1994, which stated that between 1940 and 1974, DOD and other national security agencies studied thousands of human being subjects in tests and experiments involving hazardous substances.

The quote from the study:[77]

Working with the CIA, the Department of Defense gave hallucinogenic drugs to thousands of "volunteer" soldiers in the 1950s and 1960s. In addition to LSD, the Army also tested quinuclidinyl benzilate, a hallucinogen code-named BZ. (Note 37) Many of these tests were conducted under the so-chosen MKULTRA program, established to counter perceived Soviet and Chinese advances in brainwashing techniques. Between 1953 and 1964, the program consisted of 149 projects involving drug testing and other studies on unwitting human subjects

Deaths [edit]

Given the CIA'due south purposeful devastation of almost records, its failure to follow informed consent protocols with thousands of participants, the uncontrolled nature of the experiments, and the lack of follow-upward information, the full impact of MKUltra experiments, including deaths, may never be known.[29] [34] [77] [78]

Several known deaths have been associated with Project MKUltra, nearly notably that of Frank Olson. Olson, a United states Ground forces biochemist and biological weapons researcher, was given LSD without his cognition or consent in November 1953, every bit part of a CIA experiment, and died by suicide by jumping out of a 13th-story window a calendar week afterwards. A CIA doctor assigned to monitor Olson claimed to accept been asleep in another bed in a New York City hotel room when Olson fell to his death. In 1953, Olson's death was described as a suicide that had occurred during a severe psychotic episode. The CIA's own internal investigation concluded that the head of MKUltra, CIA pharmacist Sidney Gottlieb, had conducted the LSD experiment with Olson'south prior knowledge, although neither Olson nor the other men taking office in the experiment were informed as to the exact nature of the drug until some 20 minutes after its ingestion. The study further suggested that Gottlieb was nonetheless due a reprimand, as he had failed to take into account Olson'southward already-diagnosed suicidal tendencies, which might have been exacerbated past the LSD.[79]

The Olson family disputes the official version of events. They maintain that Frank Olson was murdered because, especially in the aftermath of his LSD experience, he had go a security risk who might divulge country secrets associated with highly classified CIA programs, nigh many of which he had direct personal noesis.[fourscore] A few days before his decease, Frank Olson quit his position as acting chief of the Special Operations Sectionalization at Detrick, Maryland (later Fort Detrick) because of a severe moral crunch concerning the nature of his biological weapons research. Among Olson's concerns were the evolution of bump-off materials used past the CIA, the CIA's use of biological warfare materials in covert operations, experimentation with biological weapons in populated areas, collaboration with former Nazi scientists under Performance Paperclip, LSD mind-control research, and the use of psychoactive drugs during "terminal" interrogations under a programme lawmaking-named Projection ARTICHOKE.[81] After forensic evidence conflicted with the official version of events; when Olson's body was exhumed in 1994, cranial injuries indicated that Olson had been knocked unconscious before he exited the window.[79] The medical examiner termed Olson's death a "homicide".[82] In 1975, Olson's family received a $750,000 settlement from the U.S. government and formal apologies from President Gerald Ford and CIA Director William Colby, though their apologies were limited to informed consent issues concerning Olson's ingestion of LSD.[78] On 28 November 2012, the Olson family filed suit confronting the U.S. federal regime for the wrongful death of Frank Olson.[83] The case was dismissed in July 2013, due in part to the 1976 settlement between the family and authorities.[84] In the conclusion dismissing the conform, U.S. District Judge James Boasberg wrote, "While the court must limit its analysis to the four corners of the complaint, the skeptical reader may wish to know that the public record supports many of the allegations [in the family'due south suit], farfetched as they may sound."[85]

A 2010 book past H. P. Albarelli Jr. alleged that the 1951 Pont-Saint-Esprit mass poisoning was part of MKDELTA, that Olson was involved in that effect, and that he was eventually murdered by the CIA.[86] [87] Even so, academic sources attribute the incident to ergot poisoning through a local bakery.[88] [89] [xc]

Legal problems involving informed consent [edit]

The revelations about the CIA and the regular army prompted a number of subjects or their survivors to file lawsuits against the federal regime for conducting experiments without informed consent. Although the government aggressively, and sometimes successfully, sought to avoid legal liability, several plaintiffs did receive bounty through court club, out-of-court settlement, or acts of Congress. Frank Olson's family received $750,000 past a special act of Congress, and both President Ford and CIA managing director William Colby met with Olson's family unit to apologize publicly.

Previously, the CIA and the ground forces had actively and successfully sought to withhold incriminating information, even as they secretly provided compensation to the families. 1 field of study of regular army drug experimentation, James Stanley, an army sergeant, brought an important, albeit unsuccessful, suit. The government argued that Stanley was barred from suing under the Feres doctrine.

In 1987, the Supreme Court affirmed this defense in a v–4 determination that dismissed Stanley'due south case: U.s. v. Stanley.[91] The majority argued that "a test for liability that depends on the extent to which item suits would call into question military discipline and conclusion making would itself require judicial research into, and hence intrusion upon, armed services matters." In dissent, Justice William Brennan argued that the need to preserve military field of study should not protect the government from liability and penalization for serious violations of constitutional rights:

The medical trials at Nuremberg in 1947 securely impressed upon the world that experimentation with unknowing human being subjects is morally and legally unacceptable. The United States Military Tribunal established the Nuremberg Code every bit a standard against which to estimate German scientists who experimented with man subjects.... [I]n defiance of this principle, military intelligence officials ... began surreptitiously testing chemical and biological materials, including LSD.

Justice Sandra Day O'Connor, writing a separate dissent, stated:

No judicially crafted rule should insulate from liability the involuntary and unknowing man experimentation alleged to have occurred in this case. Indeed, as Justice Brennan observes, the U.s.a. played an instrumental office in the criminal prosecution of Nazi officials who experimented with human subjects during the 2nd Globe War, and the standards that the Nuremberg Military Tribunals developed to judge the behavior of the defendants stated that the 'voluntary consent of the human subject is absolutely essential ... to satisfy moral, ethical, and legal concepts.' If this principle is violated, the very least that social club can do is to encounter that the victims are compensated, equally all-time they tin be, past the perpetrators.

In another lawsuit, Wayne Ritchie, a old United States Marshal, after hearing about the project'due south existence in 1990, alleged the CIA laced his nutrient or drink with LSD at a 1957 Christmas party which resulted in his attempting to commit a robbery at a bar and his subsequent arrest. While the government admitted it was, at that time, drugging people without their consent, U.Due south. District Approximate Marilyn Hall Patel found Ritchie could not prove he was one of the victims of MKUltra or that LSD caused his robbery attempt and dismissed the example in 2005.[92] [93]

Notable people [edit]

Experimenters

  • Harold Alexander Abramson
  • Donald Ewen Cameron
  • Sidney Gottlieb
  • Harris Isbell[21]
  • Martin Theodore Orne
  • Louis Jolyon West

Documented subjects

  • American poet Allen Ginsberg first took LSD in an experiment on Stanford University'southward campus where he could listen to records of his pick (he chose a Gertrude Stein reading, a Tibetan mandala, and Richard Wagner). He said the experience resulted in "a slight paranoia that hung on all my acid experiences through the mid-1960s until I learned from meditation how to disperse that."[94] He became an outspoken advocate for psychedelics in the 1960s and, subsequently hearing suspicions that the experiment was CIA-funded, wrote, "Am I, Allen Ginsberg, the product of one of the CIA's lamentable, ill-advised, or triumphantly successful experiments in mind control?"[95]
  • Ken Kesey, author of 1 Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest, is said to have volunteered for MKUltra experiments involving LSD and other psychedelic drugs at the Veterans Administration Hospital in Menlo Park while he was a educatee at nearby Stanford University. Kesey's experiences while under the influence of LSD inspired him to promote the drug outside the context of the MKUltra experiments, which influenced the early on development of hippie civilisation.[96] [53]
  • Robert Hunter was an American lyricist, singer-songwriter, translator, and poet, best known for his association with Jerry Garcia and the Grateful Dead. Along with Ken Kesey, Hunter was said to exist an early volunteer MKUltra exam subject at Stanford University. Stanford exam subjects were paid to take LSD, psilocybin, and mescaline, then study on their experiences. These experiences were creatively formative for Hunter:

    Sit back moving picture yourself swooping upwardly a shell of purple with foam crests of crystal drops soft nigh they fall unto the sea of morn creep-very-softly mist ... and then sort of pour tinkley-bell-similar (must I take yous by the mitt, ever so slowly type) and then conglomerate suddenly into a peal of silver vibrant uncomprehendingly, blood singingly, joyously resounding bells ... By my organized religion if this be insanity, and so for the beloved of God permit me to remain insane.[97]

  • Boston mobster James "Whitey" Bulger alleged he had been subjected to weekly injections of LSD and subsequent testing while in prison in Atlanta in 1957.[98] [99]

Alleged subjects

  • Ted Kaczynski, an American domestic terrorist known as the Unabomber, was said to be a subject of a voluntary psychological study declared by some sources to have been a function of MKUltra.[100] [ page needed ] [101] [102] As a sophomore at Harvard, Kaczynski participated in a study described past writer Alston Hunt as a "purposely brutalizing psychological experiment", led past Harvard psychologist Henry Murray.[103] [104] In total, Kaczynski spent 200 hours as part of the study.[105]
  • Lawrence Teeter was the attorney for Sirhan Sirhan, who was convicted of murdering Robert F. Kennedy, and he believed that Sirhan was "operating nether MK-ULTRA mind control techniques".[106]

Aftermath [edit]

After retiring in 1972, Gottlieb dismissed his entire effort for the CIA'south MKUltra plan equally useless.[xxx] [107] The CIA insists that MKUltra-type experiments have been abased.

In popular civilization [edit]

MKUltra plays a part in many conspiracy theories due to its nature and the destruction of nearly records.[108]

Tv [edit]

  • The 1998 CBC miniseries The Sleep Room dramatizes brainwashing experiments funded by MKUltra that were performed on Canadian mental patients in the 1950s and 60s, and their subsequent efforts to sue the CIA.[65]
  • In season 2, episode 19 of Bones, "Spaceman in a Crater", Jack Hodgins mentions that Frank Olson was an unwitting participant and committed suicide, but that an exhumation 45 years later proved he was murdered.[109]
  • In season 2, episode 4 of The Blacklist, "Dr. Linus Creel (no. 82)", the Task Strength investigates a possible social experiment in human mind command supposedly continuing MKUltra'south work.
  • Wormwood is a 2017 American six-part docudrama miniseries directed by Errol Morris and released on Netflix. The series is based on the life of the scientist Frank Olson and his involvement in Project MKUltra.[110]
  • In season two, episode 9 of The Umbrella Academy, "743", Vanya Hargreeves is tortured with electric shocks under the influence of LSD. This scene was inspired past the experiments carried out by Projection MKUltra.[111]

See as well [edit]

United States
  • CIA activities in the United states of america
  • Unethical homo experimentation in the Usa
International
  • Allegations of CIA drug trafficking
  • Human radiation experiments
  • Human rights violations past the CIA
  • Poison laboratory of the Soviet undercover services
  • Unit of measurement 731 (Japan)
Operations
  • Category:Cardinal Intelligence Agency operations
  • Project MKCHICKWIT
  • Project MKOFTEN
Other
  • Montauk Project
  • Harold Blauer – a man who died within project MK-Ultra every bit a result of a three,four-methylenedioxyamphetamine injection

References [edit]

  1. ^ "I of the Most Shocking CIA Programs of All Time: Project MKUltra". September 23, 2013. Retrieved August 18, 2016.
  2. ^ "MK-Ultra". History.com. A&Due east Television Networks. August 21, 2018. Retrieved Jan 2, 2019. Though Project MK-Ultra lasted from 1953 until about 1973, details of the illicit program didn't become public until 1975, during a congressional investigation into widespread illegal CIA activities within the U.Southward. and around the world.
  3. ^ Valentine, Douglas (2016). The CIA as Organized Criminal offense: How Illegal Operations Corrupt America and the World. Clarity Press. ISBN978-0997287011. Equally Vietnam was winding down, the CIA was beset by Congressional investigations that revealed some of the criminal activities it was involved in, like MKULTRA.
  4. ^ a b c National Public Radio (NPR), 9 Sept. 2019, "The CIA'south Secret Quest For Listen Command: Torture, LSD And A 'Poisoner In Chief'" (On-air interview with announcer Stephen Kinzer)
  5. ^ "Dialogue Sought With Professor In CIA Probe". August 27, 1977. Retrieved Dec 27, 2017.
  6. ^ "Argument of Director of Cardinal Intelligence Before Subcommittee On Health And Scientific Research Senate Committee on Human Resources" (PDF). September 21, 1977. Retrieved December 27, 2017.
  7. ^ Otterman, Michael (2007). American Torture: From the Cold War to Abu Ghraib and Beyond. Melbourne University Publishing. p. 24. ISBN978-0522853339.
  8. ^ McCoy, Alfred (2007). A Question of Torture: CIA Interrogation, from the Cold War to the State of war on Terror. Macmillan. p. 29. ISBN978-1429900683.
  9. ^ "FOIA | CIA FOIA (foia.cia.gov)". www.cia.gov.
  10. ^ "Project BLUEBIRD | CIA FOIA (foia.cia.gov)". www.cia.gov.
  11. ^ "Advisory on Human Radiation Experiments, July 5, 1994, National Security Archives, retrieved January 16, 2014". Archived from the original on July 13, 2013.
  12. ^ a b c d "Projection MKUltra, the Central Intelligence Agency's Programme of Inquiry into Behavioral Modification. Joint Hearing before the Select Committee on Intelligence and the Subcommittee on Wellness and Scientific Research of the Commission on Human Resources, United States Senate, Ninety-Fifth Congress, First Session" (PDF). U.S. Government Press Office (copy hosted at the New York Times website). August viii, 1977. Retrieved April 18, 2010.
  13. ^ "Affiliate 3: Supreme Court Dissents Invoke the Nuremberg Code: CIA and DOD Human Subjects Research Scandals". Archived from the original on March 31, 2013. Retrieved Nov 8, 2012.
  14. ^ "U.S. Senate Study on CIA MKULTRA Behavioral Modification Program 1977". publicintelligence.internet – Public Intelligence. July 27, 2012.
  15. ^ Richelson, JT, ed. (September 10, 2001). "Science, Technology and the CIA: A National Security Annal Electronic Briefing Book". George Washington University. Retrieved June 12, 2009.
  16. ^ "Chapter three, part 4: Supreme Court Dissents Invoke the Nuremberg Code: CIA and DOD Human Subjects Enquiry Scandals". Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments Final Report. Archived from the original on April 30, 2007. Retrieved August 24, 2005.
  17. ^ "The Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, Strange and Military Intelligence". Church Committee report, no. 94-755, 94th Cong., 2nd Sess. Washington, D.C.: United States Congress. 1976. p. 392.
  18. ^ a b Horrock, Nicholas M. (Baronial 4, 1977). "80 Institutions Used in CIA Mind Studies: Admiral Turner Tells Senators of Beliefs Control Research Bars Drug Testing Now". New York Times. Archived from the original on March xxx, 2021.
  19. ^ a b United states Senate, 95th Congress, 1st session (August iii, 1977). Project MKUltra, The CIA's Programme of Research in Behavioral Modification (PDF). Joint Hearing Before the Select Committee on Intelligence and the Subcommittee on Health and Scientific Enquiry of the Committee on Man Resources (Study). {{cite report}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors listing (link)
  20. ^ "An Interview with Richard Helms". Central Intelligence Bureau. May viii, 2007. Retrieved March 16, 2008.
  21. ^ a b "Private Institutions Used In C.I.A Effort To Command Behavior. 25-Year, $25 Million Program. New Information About Funding and Operations Disclosed by Documents and Interviews Private Institutions Used in C.I.A. Program". New York Times. Baronial two, 1977. Retrieved July 30, 2014. Several prominent medical research institutions and Government hospitals in the Usa and Canada were involved in a undercover, 25-year, $25-one thousand thousand endeavor by the Central Intelligence Bureau to learn how to control the human mind. ... Dr. Harris Isbell, who conducted the research betwixt 1952 and 1963, kept up a hugger-mugger correspondence with the C.I.A.
  22. ^ Marks, John (1991). The Search for the "Manchurian Candidate" : The CIA and Mind Command. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 61. ISBN978-0393307948.
  23. ^ Church Committee; p. 390 "MKUltra was canonical by the DCI [Managing director of Cardinal Intelligence] on Apr xiii, 1953"
  24. ^ "Chapter 3, part 4: Supreme Courtroom Dissents Invoke the Nuremberg Lawmaking: CIA and DOD Human Subjects Research Scandals". Informational Commission on Human Radiations Experiments Final Report. Archived from the original on November 9, 2004. Retrieved Baronial 24, 2005. "MKUltra, began in 1950 and was motivated largely in response to alleged Soviet, Chinese, and Due north Korean uses of listen-control techniques on U.Due south. prisoners of war in Korea."
  25. ^ Church building Commission; p. 391 "A special process, designated MKDELTA, was established to govern the utilise of MKUltra materials abroad. Such materials were used on a number of occasions."
  26. ^ Church Committee; "The congressional committee investigating the CIA research, chaired by Senator Frank Church, ended that '[p]rior consent was obviously not obtained from whatever of the subjects.'"
  27. ^ Price, David (June 2007). "Buying a Piece of Anthropology: Human Ecology and unwitting anthropological enquiry for the CIA" (PDF). Anthropology Today. 23 (3): 3–13. doi:x.1111/j.1467-8322.2007.00510.x. Retrieved Apr xiii, 2008.
  28. ^ "Retrieved 25 April 2008". Druglibrary.org. Archived from the original on June twenty, 2010. Retrieved March 26, 2010.
  29. ^ a b "Chapter 3, part four: Supreme Court Dissents Invoke the Nuremberg Code: CIA and DOD Human Subjects Research Scandals". Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments Final Report. Archived from the original on March 31, 2013. Retrieved April sixteen, 2013. (identical judgement) "Considering most of the MK-ULTRA records were deliberately destroyed in 1973 ... MK-ULTRA and the related CIA programs."
  30. ^ a b c Rupert Cornwell (March xvi, 1999). "Obituary: Sidney Gottlieb". The Independent (London) . Retrieved June 25, 2012.
  31. ^ a b McCoy, Alfred (2006). A Question of Torture: CIA Interrogation from the Cold War to the State of war on Terror. New York: Metropolitan Books. pp. viii, 22, 30. ISBN0805080414.
  32. ^ Klein, Naomi (2007). The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism . New York: Picador. pp. 47–49. ISBN978-0312427993.
  33. ^ Ranelagh, John (March 1988). The Bureau: The Rising and Pass up of the CIA. Sceptre. pp. 208–210. ISBN0340412305.
  34. ^ a b "Senate MKUltra Hearing: Appendix C – Documents Referring to Subprojects, (p. 167, in PDF document page numbering)" (PDF). Senate Select Committee on Intelligence and Committee on Human Resource. August 3, 1977. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 28, 2007. Retrieved August 22, 2007.
  35. ^ Book 1: Last report of the Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, United States Senate : together with boosted, supplemental, and separate views. United states of america Government Printing Office. April 26, 1976. p. 391.
  36. ^ Scheflin, Jr, Alan W.; Opton, Edward One thousand. (1978). The mind manipulators : a non-fiction account. New York: Paddington Printing. p. 158. ISBN978-0448229775.
  37. ^ Thomas, Gordon (1989). Journey into madness : the truthful story of secret CIA listen control and medical abuse. New York: Bantam Books. p. 123. ISBN978-0553053579.
  38. ^ a b c d 1977 Senate MKULTRA Hearing: Appendix C – Documents Referring to subprojects
  39. ^ Martin A. Lee; Bruce Shlain (2007). Acid Dreams: The Complete Social History of LSD: The CIA, the Sixties, and Beyond. Grove/Atlantic. pp. 373–. ISBN978-0802196064.
  40. ^ Richards, Nib (June 17, 1977). "Data shows 50s projects: Germ Testing past the CIA" (PDF). The Washington Mail. p. A1. Retrieved January 20, 2014.
  41. ^ "Declassified". Michael-robinett.com. Archived from the original on January 31, 2002. Retrieved March 26, 2010.
  42. ^ Brandt, Daniel (Jan 3, 1996). "Mind Command and the Secret State". NameBase NewsLine. Archived from the original on August iv, 2012. Retrieved March 26, 2010.
  43. ^ "Hss.doe.gov". Archived from the original on March 31, 2013. Retrieved Nov 8, 2012.
  44. ^ Marks, John. "The Search for the Manchurian Candidate – Chapter 4". world wide web.druglibrary.org.
  45. ^ a b Tim Weiner (March 10, 1999). "Sidney Gottlieb, fourscore, Dies; Took LSD to C.I.A." New York Times . Retrieved June 25, 2012.
  46. ^ a b Rappoport, J. (1995). "CIA Experiments With Mind Control on Children". Perceptions Magazine, p. 56.
  47. ^ Marks, John (1979). The Search for the Manchurian Candidate. New York: Times Books. pp. 106–107. ISBN0812907736.
  48. ^ Marks, John (1991). The Search for the "Manchurian Candidate" : The CIA and Mind Control. W. West. Norton & Company. p. 67. ISBN978-0393307948.
  49. ^ Szalavitz, Maia (March 23, 2012). "The Legacy of the CIA's Surreptitious LSD Experiments on America". Time – via healthland.time.com.
  50. ^ VA Palo Alto Wellness Intendance Organisation. "Menlo Park Partitioning". va.gov . Retrieved December 14, 2014.
  51. ^ "Cloak and Dropper – The Twisted History of the CIA and LSD". The Fix. September xviii, 2015.
  52. ^ Reilly, Edward C. "Ken Kesey." Critical Survey of Long Fiction, Second Revised Edition (2000): EBSCO. Web. November 10. 2010.
  53. ^ a b Baker, Jeff (November xi, 2001). "All times a great artist, Ken Kesey is dead at age 66". The Oregonian. pp. A1.
  54. ^ a b Lee, Yard. A., Shlain, B. (1985). Acid Dreams, the Complete Social History of LSD: the CIA, the Sixties, and Beyond. Grove Printing.
  55. ^ יוקד, צח (December ix, 2019). "המדען היהודי שהיה "הדבר הכי קרוב למנגלה בהיסטוריה של ארה"ב"". הארץ (in Hebrew). Retrieved Dec xi, 2019.
  56. ^ NPR Fresh Air. June 28, 2007 and Tim Weiner, The Legacy of Ashes: The History of the CIA.
  57. ^ "Declassified". Michael-robinett.com. Archived from the original on January 31, 2002. Retrieved March 26, 2010.
  58. ^ Marks, John (1979). The Search for the Manchurian Candidate. New York: Times Books. pp. 40–42. ISBN0812907736.
  59. ^ Marks, John (1979). The Search for the Manchurian Candidate. New York: Times Books. chapters 3 and 7. ISBN0812907736.
  60. ^ "Declassified". Michael-robinett.com. Archived from the original on April 28, 2002. Retrieved March 26, 2010.
  61. ^ a b c Marks, John (1979). The Search for the Manchurian Candidate. New York: Times Books. pp. 140–150. ISBN0812907736.
  62. ^ Turbide, Diane (April 21, 1997). "Dr. Cameron's casualties". ect.org . Retrieved September 9, 2007.
  63. ^ Collins, Anne (1998) [1988]. In the Slumber Room: The story of CIA brainwashing experiments in Canada. Toronto: Key Porter Books. pp. 39, 42–43, 133. ISBN1550139320.
  64. ^ "MK Ultra episodes". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC). 40 years of The 5th Estate.
  65. ^ a b "The Sleep Room". IMDb. March 31, 1998.
  66. ^ Klein, N. (2007). The Shock Doctrine. Metropolitan Books. pp. 39–41. ISBN978-0676978018 – via Google Books.
  67. ^ a b McCoy, Alfred (2006). "Fell science: CIA torture and U.South. foreign policy". Sticks and Stones: 172–174. ISBN1558495355 – via Google Books.
  68. ^ Elizabeth Nickson (October 16, 1994). "Mind Control: My Mother, the CIA and LSD". The Observer.
  69. ^ Hersh, Seymour M. (Dec 22, 1974). "Huge C.i.a. Operation Reported in U.s. Against Antiwar Forces, Other Dissidents in Nixon Years". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved December 12, 2018.
  70. ^ a b Prepared Argument of Admiral Stansfield Turner, Director of Fundamental Intelligence Archived 2006-05-26 at the Wayback Auto. ParaScope.
  71. ^ Tourek, Mary (August 2, 2013). "CIA Managing director Admits Documents on Surreptitious Drug Experiments Destroyed". Today in Civil Liberties History . Retrieved December 13, 2019.
  72. ^ Projection MKULTRA, THE CIA'due south PROGRAM OF RESEARCH IN BEHAVIORAL MODIFICATION (PDF). Joint Hearing Before The Select Committee On Intelligence And The Subcommittee On Wellness And Scientific Research of The Committee On Human Resources, United States Senate (Report). U.S. Senate Select Commission on Intelligence. Baronial 3, 1977.
  73. ^ "Opening Remarks by Senator Ted Kennedy". U.Due south. Senate Select Commission On Intelligence, and Subcommittee On Health And Scientific Inquiry of the Commission On Homo Resources. August 3, 1977.
  74. ^ Ignatieff, Michael (Apr 1, 2001). "What did the C.I.A. do to Eric Olson'south father?". The New York Times Magazine . Retrieved January 13, 2017.
  75. ^ "Podcast 98 – MKUltra". HistoryOnAir.com. June sixteen, 2005. Archived from the original on June 10, 2015. Retrieved March 4, 2013.
  76. ^ Stunning tale of brainwashing, the CIA and an unsuspecting Scots researcher, The Scotsman, January 5, 2006. Retrieved 13 January 2017.
  77. ^ a b Quote from "Is Military Inquiry Hazardous to Veterans Health? Lessons Spanning Half A Century", function F. Hallucinogens Archived 2006-08-xiii at the Wayback Machine 103rd Congress, 2d Session-S. Prt. 103-97; Staff Written report prepared for the commission on veterans' affairs December eight, 1994 John D. Rockefeller Iv, West Virginia, Chairman. Online re-create provided by gulfweb.org, which describes itself as "Serving the Gulf War Veteran Community Worldwide Since 1994". (The aforementioned document is available from many other (unofficial) sites, which may or may not be independent.)
  78. ^ a b Albarelli, H. P. (2009). A Terrible Fault: The Murder of Frank Olson and the CIA's Secret Cold State of war Experiments. Trine Day. pp. 350–58, 490, 581–83, 686–92. ISBN978-0977795376.
  79. ^ a b Marks 1979: chapter five.
  80. ^ "The Olson File". Frankolsonproject.org. Archived from the original on August 4, 2001. Retrieved Dec 24, 2012.
  81. ^ Olson, E (August 22, 2002). "Family Statement on the Murder of Frank Olson". Archived from the original on Feb 11, 2003. Retrieved October 16, 2008.
  82. ^ Ronson, Jon (2004). The Men Who Stare at Goats. New York: Picador. ISBN0330375482.
  83. ^ "News from The Associated Press". Archived from the original on December 1, 2012.
  84. ^ Gaines, Danielle (July 18, 2013). "Lawsuit by family of drugged Detrick employee dismissed". Frederick News-Post . Retrieved Oct 20, 2013.
  85. ^ Schoenberg, Tom (July 17, 2013). "CIA Cover-Up Suit Over Scientist's Fatal Fall Dismissed". Bloomberg.com . Retrieved Feb 22, 2014.
  86. ^ Thomson, Mike (August 23, 2010). "Pont-Saint-Esprit poisoning: Did the CIA spread LSD?". BBC.com. BBC News.
  87. ^ Schpolianksy, Christophe (March 23, 2010). "Did CIA Experiment LSD on French Town?". ABCnews.com. ABC News.
  88. ^ Gabbai, Lisbonne and Pourquier (September xv, 1951). "Ergot Poisoning at Pont St. Esprit". British Medical Journal. 2 (4732): 650–51. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.4732.650. PMC2069953. PMID 14869677.
  89. ^ Finger, Stanley (2001). Origins of Neuroscience: A History of Explorations Into Brain Function. Oxford University Press. pp. 221–. ISBN978-0195146943 . Retrieved February 24, 2013.
  90. ^ Jeffrey C. Pommerville; I. Edward Alcamo (2012). Alcamo's Fundamentals of Microbiology: Body Systems Edition. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. pp. 734–. ISBN978-1449605940 . Retrieved February 24, 2013.
  91. ^ U.s.a. v. Stanley, 483 U.Southward. 669 (1987)
  92. ^ "Findings of Fact and Determination of Law Re: Motion for Judgment on Partial Findings". Ritchie v. U.s. of America (PDF) (Court case). U.s.a. District Court, Northern Commune of California. No. C 00-3940 MHP. Retrieved April 20, 2021.
  93. ^ Egelko, Bob (April 13, 2005). "Bid to sue over LSD rejected". SFGate. Hearst Communications. Retrieved September 28, 2019.
  94. ^ Marks, John (1991). The search for the "Manchurian candidate". New York: Norton. pp. 129–130. ISBN0-393-30794-8. OCLC 23973516.
  95. ^ Lee, Martin A.; Shlain, Bruce (1992). Acid Dreams: The Complete Social History of LSD: The CIA, the Sixties, and Beyond. USA: Grove Press. pp. xix. ISBN0802130623.
  96. ^ Lehmann-Haupt, C (November i, 2001). "Ken Kesey, Writer of 'Cuckoo'due south Nest,' Who Defined the Psychedelic Era, Dies at 66". The New York Times . Retrieved September 8, 2010.
  97. ^ McNally, DA (2002). A Long Strange Trip: The Within History of the Grateful Dead. Broadway Books. pp. 42–3. ISBN0767911865.
  98. ^ Weeks, Kevin (2007). Brutal: The Untold Story Of My Life Inside Whitey Bulger's Irish Mob. Harper Collins. pp. 83–84. ISBN978-0061148064.
  99. ^ Bulger, James "Whitey" (May 9, 2017). "I'yard Whitey Bulger. Here's How the CIA Used Me for Drug Experiments".
  100. ^ Moreno, Jonathan (2012). Mind Wars: Brain Scientific discipline and the Armed forces in the 21st Century. Bellevue Literary Press, NYU Schoolhouse of Medicine. ISBN978-1934137437.
  101. ^ "MKUltra: Within the CIA's Cold War mind control experiments". The Week. Archived from the original on November 22, 2017. Retrieved December 23, 2017.
  102. ^ Chase, Alston (June 2000). "Harvard and the Making of the Unabomber". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on August 21, 2014. Retrieved December 23, 2017.
  103. ^ Moreno, Jonathan D (May 25, 2012). "Harvard's Experiment on the Unabomber, Grade of '62". Psychology Today.
  104. ^ Haas, Michaela. "My Brother, the Unabomber". Life Tips. Medium. Archived from the original on April 9, 2016. Retrieved April 9, 2016.
  105. ^ Gitlin, Todd (March 2, 2003). "A Dangerous Heed". The Washington Post.
  106. ^ Hunt, H.E. (November 19, 2008). "The 30 greatest conspiracy theories". The Telegraph. Telegraph Media Grouping. Archived from the original on Jan xi, 2022. Retrieved February 22, 2018.
  107. ^ "Sidney Gottlieb". The Times (London). March 12, 1999.
  108. ^ Knight, P (2003). Conspiracy theories in American history: an encyclopedia, Book 2. ABC-CLIO. pp. 490. ISBN1576078124.
  109. ^ "Basic / 2x20transcript". bonestv.pbworks.com.
  110. ^ Tallerico, Brian (December 19, 2017). "7 Key Questions to Assist You Understand Wormwood". Vulture . Retrieved Oct 18, 2021.
  111. ^ Amusement Weekly https://ew.com/television receiver/the-umbrella-academy-stars-break-down-season-2-climax/. Retrieved Feb 24, 2022.

Farther reading [edit]

  • Poisoner in Chief: Sidney Gottlieb and the CIA Search for Mind Control, Henry Holt and Co., by Stephen Kinzer, 2019, ISBN 978-1250140432
  • The Hole-and-corner History of Fort Detrick, the CIA's Base for Mind Command Experiments, past Stephen Kinzer, Politico, 2019.
  • Potash, John L. (2015). Drugs every bit Weapons Against Us. Trine Day LLC. ISBN978-1937584924.
  • "U.S. Congress: The Select Commission to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, Foreign and Armed services Intelligence (Church Committee report), written report no. 94-755, 94th Cong., 2d Sess. (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1976), 394".
  • "U.S. Senate: Joint Hearing before The Select Commission on Intelligence and The Subcommittee on Health and Scientific Research of the Committee on Human Resource, 95th Cong., 1st Sess. Baronial 3, 1977".
  • "The Search for the "Manchurian Candidate": The CIA and Heed Control: The Underground History of the Behavioral Sciences".
  • Acrid: The Secret History of LSD, by David Black, London: Vision, 1998, ISBN 1901250113. Later edition exists.
  • Acid Dreams: The Complete Social History of LSD: The CIA, the Sixties, and Beyond by Martin Lee and Bruce Shlain, New York: Grove Printing, 1985, ISBN 0802130623
  • The Agency: The Rise and Decline of the CIA, past John Ranelagh, pp. 208–ten.
  • lxxx Greatest Conspiracies of All Fourth dimension, by Jonathan Vankin and John Whalin, chapter one, "CIAcid Drop".
  • In the Sleep Room: The Story of CIA Brainwashing Experiments in Canada, Anne Collins, Lester & Orpen Dennys (Toronto), 1988.
  • Journeying into Madness: The True Story of Secret CIA Mind Control and Medical Abuse, past Gordon Thomas, NY: Runted, 1989, ISBN 0553284134
  • Operation Mind Control: Our Secret Regime's War Confronting Its Own People, past Westward H Bowart, New York: Dell, 1978, ISBN 0440167558
  • The Men Who Stare at Goats, past Jon Ronson, Picador, 2004, ISBN 0330375482
  • The Search for the Manchurian Candidate, by John Marks, W.West. Norton & Visitor Ltd, 1999, ISBN 0393307948
  • Storming Sky: LSD and The American Dream, by Jay Stevens, New York: Grove Press, 1987, ISBN 0802135870

External links [edit]

  • Stephen Kinzer – Poisoner in Primary: Sidney Gottlieb and the CIA Search for Mind Control, Watson Institute for International and Public Diplomacy, 2. Oktober 2019
  • Unabridged Iv CD-ROM set of CIA / MKUltra Declassified documents released by the Fundamental Intelligence Bureau (CIA), image format, The Black Vault
  • MKUltra Declassified documents, PDF format
  • U.S. Supreme Court, CIA v. Sims, 471 U.S. 159 (1985) 471 U.S. 159, Findlaw
  • U.Southward. Supreme Court, United states v. Stanley, 483 U.S. 669 (1987) 483 U.S. 669, Findlaw
  • Mind Control and MKULTRA by Richard Chiliad. Gall
  • The Nearly Dangerous Game Downloadable viii minute documentary by contained filmmakers GNN
  • Results of the 1973 Church Committee Hearings, on CIA misdeeds, and the 1984 Iran/Contra Hearings
  • XXVII. Testing and Apply of Chemic and Biological Agents past the Intelligence Customs
  • List of MKULTRA Unclassified Documents including subprojects
  • MK Ultra Project
  • Dunning, Brian (July 30, 2013). "Skeptoid #373: The Secrets of MKULTRA". Skeptoid.

curtismostanquest.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_MKUltra

0 Response to "Mountain View Family Med Group: Solkovits Andrew Do"

Post a Comment

Subscribe to: Post Comments (Atom)

Iklan Atas Artikel

Iklan Tengah Artikel 1

Iklan Tengah Artikel 2

Iklan Bawah Artikel